Ethical Dilemmas And Ethics At Santa Clara University Essay

Business ethicist Kirk Hanson says that â€Å"ethical dilemmas are inevitable,† occurring more in the first year as a professional than in succeeding years (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, 2011, 0:55). As a business professional, it’s very likely that I will face an ethical dilemma, or even multiple ethical situations throughout my career. This is why, as Hanson explains, â€Å"you need to be aware of what your own values are† when confronting ethical dilemmas (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, 2011, 1:15). It’s important for me to know my own values because they will provide a foundation for my decision making when involved in an ethical conflict. Currently, I have a short process that I regularly follow when making tough decisions. This process entails thinking about the people involved in the specific situation and how each of them will be affected by the decision I make. Next, I consider the pos sible actions I could take, and predict the outcome of those actions. Upon completion of this thought process, I typically know what has to be done. Prior to this course I would’ve said that my decision making process was good enough the way it was. Now, Dr. MacCammon’s discussion on ethics made me realize how important this process is, and it inspired me to strengthen my approach. Dr. MacCammon provided us with a document called A Framework for Thinking Ethically. The document states that â€Å"having a method for ethical decisionShow MoreRelatedWhy The Selling Of Customer Information At Outside Parties Creates An Ethical Dilemma1557 Words   |  7 PagesThis report is to evaluate and to make a determination on whether the selling of customer information to outside parties creates an ethical dilemma to an organization. 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Movie Review The Abnormal in Normal Free Essays

Normal is a spectacular movie which encompassed both a war and unity of emotions, standards, and ideologies. It showcased the play of sexuality, understanding, anger, transformation, ostracism, and most especially, love, depicted in the lives of the characters that compose the film. How all of them owned a different perception of Roy’s transsexualism and how these perceptions seemed to be intertwined dramatically revealed the key element that make up Normal’s core. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: The Abnormal in Normal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personally, I found the movie very moving and inspiring. It is not everyday that films like these are produced in the industry for the obvious fact that transsexualism, not to mention heterosexuality and bisexuality, is still on the process of holding a secure, firm, and properly recognized position in society. Normal was successful in its attempt to disband stereotypes regarding deviant behavior and twisted genders. It portrayed how acceptance and love serve as the main dissolving agent in breaking norms in response to the changes that occur in time. Roy, one of the main characters, was extremely daring and determined to have mustered strength to face such an immense transformation and survived the critical judgment of his family, peers, and community fellows. Containing his desire to be a woman solely to himself for that length of time is something not regular people could ever put up with. The weight was even graver, however, on her wife Irma. In my opinion, she was the one who suffered most with what had happened. After 25 years of marriage, two teenage offspring, and a healthy relationship which was supposedly homosexual-to-homosexual, her husband tells her that he is a woman trapped in a man’s body and that he wanted to live like a lady for good through gender reassignment. Discovering that the man she fell in love with was replaced by someone with a heart of a woman would have been the key struggle in Ruth and Irma’s marriage. Eventually, nonetheless, Irma learned to embrace Roy for who he is—the man he loved yet now with earrings, perfume, make-up, and even breasts. This was a strong proof that true love does conquer all and breaks differences. The occurrence tested if Irma was really willing to stay with Roy and to love him with all her heart, through sickness and health, for richer or poorer, with death as the sole wall that could separate them. The relationship of the couple evidently changed, but the love was still the same. This served as their starting point to both reliving an old chapter of their life and opening a new one together. Patty Ann and Wayne, the couple’s children, were also affected by Roy’s revelation. Albeit their reactions were of opposite sides of the spectrum, these showed that they significantly cared about what happened to their father. Dealing with his kids, however, remained as another struggle for Roy. Patty Ann took his father’s transformation in a positive light since she, too, was having a puberty and femininity crisis of her own. On the other hand, Wayne was infuriated. Being older, being the son, and being a hardcore rock music enthusiast, it was not peculiar that Wayne’s mind seemed to be very narrow when it came to gender issues. The main character’s father also played a weighty part in Roy’s family struggle. Like Wayne, Roy Sr. strongly disagreed with what occurred to his son. During Roy’s early years, his father had already begun beating Roy to stop his feminine tendencies. His paternal influenced continued until Roy’s adulthood but failed to maintain his son’s manliness. Together with his wife Irma, Roy struggled to face another conflict with an influential and important body outside their marriage: society. His revelation to the parish counselor initiated the ostracism that Roy encountered from the religious sector. This banishment was in line with the Vatican’s dissent for gender changes. Though external to the scope of the movie, the Papal government most likely inspired the story’s plot. According to Asher (2003), gender reassignment shall not in any way change the gender of an individual in the vision of the church. Moreover, Catholics who underwent this kind of transformation shall not be â€Å"eligible to wed, be ordained to the priesthood or enter religious life† (par. 2). Gender reassignment merely changes the surface quality of the person and not his/her inner attributes and personality. These were the strong bases of Roy and Irma’s gradual but unyielding exclusion from the religious sector. Roy also had problems in his work. He served almost his whole life as an employee in a farm machinery factory. Going to work one day all â€Å"womanized† expectedly brought in mockery from his coworkers. Roy’s boss, Clancy Brown, was compassionate enough to transfer him to a safer and more considerable work section. However, he developed affection for Irma, which pushed Roy’s work struggle to a higher notch. Fortunately, Roy’s wife realized that he was in love with no man other than his beloved husband. This dedication, loyalty and commitment of Irma to Roy were what captivated me to the movie the most. These same attributes of Roy’s wife are the reasons why she is my favorite character. Like what I have mentioned before, Irma exemplified the power of true and powerful love. More than that, however, is Irma’s commendable courage to continue to walk with his husband, no matter how things have changed. Remarkable courage was also exhibited by Roy. Personally accepting that he was a woman in a man’s body is already a valiant feat. Adding his revelation to his family and community during the period of his life when all was settled for him as a man can be considered a lifetime accomplishment. Not everyone who is gay, lesbian, or both can muster the willpower and inner strength that Roy depicted. Not all irregularly gendered can face life with the truth that they know deep within them. There is this strong feeling inside of me that the movie Normal will forever hold a special place in my life. It taught me so many things about accepting changes and living with what and who matters in your life. Just be strong and all things will follow. References Asher, J. (2003, January 16). Vatican Will Not Endorse Gender Changes. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from http://www.planetout.com/pno/news/article.html?2003/01/16/3          How to cite Movie Review: The Abnormal in Normal, Essay examples

Organization Behaviour Individualised HRM and Organisational Performa

Question: Describe about the Organization Behaviour for Individualised HRM and Organisational Performance. Answer: Introduction The report gives a brief description of PC Solutions which is owned by Frank Wallace. The company is related to the selling of desktop computers to home users. The company has developed significantly over the last eight years and has expanded its sales, administration, accounts, customer service and software development department. The case study highlighted how the company has taken merger decision to rejuvenate the software department so as to able to meet the market requirement. It has encouraged women participation in management by giving them senior positions. Louise Machin is an example which controls a team of 25 people and looks after training section consists of 8 trainers, network and software support team comprises of 7 systems and software engineers, and ten persons gives support to the hardware problem. Consequently, the owner Frank Wallace has detected the problem that the software department is facing due to its incapacity to meet the customer requirement and is driven by merger decision to reduce the gap and to provide the better software solution. But Frank has found that as the company is growing the level of customer satisfaction and employee job satisfaction is decreasing. The study has recommended a solution to eradicate the problem in order provide better service which is related to customer satisfaction and developed a strategy for employee motivation to increase productivity and overall job satisfaction of the staff member (Bckerman and Ilmakunnas 2012). Recommend changes to overcome the current problems The report highlights the organization PC Solutions that was established by Frank Wallace, an IT professional in 2007 and identifies one problem in their software development department and has given a solution to resolve the problem. One of the acute problems that were identified by PC Solution is its incapacity to fulfill the target customers software development need. Keeping this in mind the organization has adopted a strategy for a merger to strengthen the software department so as to able to meet the customers requirement by delivering the quality product hence increasing revenue for the company. The company has acquired Software Solutions for this purpose to meet the quality standard and the requirement of the market (Correia et al. 2013). One of the problems in the organization is that as the team is growing, day by day the level of customer service and employee satisfaction is decreasing considerably. To improve the customer satisfaction, the company needed to focus on the product and adopted a strategy to provide the client better experience and a more user-friendly software that is cost effective to gain competitive advantage. The enterprise should have strong Research development team to come up with the latest changes to provide a more updated software to the client to save their time and money. The sales team which is managed by Scott Punter need to be much more organized and focused on integrated marketing strategy to increase sale. The customer services department guided by Louise Machin is required improvement to enhance the quality of the product to deliver desired output to the customers. The company should concentrate on substantial infrastructure building of customer service department consists of three teams that are training, networking software team and hardware support team (Vermeeren et al. 2014). Develop unique, distinctive feature to the product The team should focus on adding more features to the product to make the product attractive therefore providing better customer service to the clients. Explore new features to make the product more customized at competitive prices and get a competitive advantage (Chang et al. 2012). Clarify the mission and focus on customers Set a clear mission and vision to be achieved by the company and concentrate on the target market to establish the goal to be obtained by the enterprise. To get customer loyalty and trust the company should emphasize the features of the product to reduce cost and increase the problem solving skill hence focusing on the relationship based on trust, truth, honesty, commitment and transparency (Karatepe 2013). To achieve employee satisfaction PC Solution should concentrate on the following things Employee orientation The administration department headed by Sylvia Chia should focus on training and development programs to enhance the skillsets of the employee. Proper onboarding programs help the operator to build the proper attitude and set goals those are achievable to reduce attrition (Bal et al.2015). Congenial work environment and skill development To create a positive workplace free from discrimination, cooperation, that ensures constructive criticism and motivate an employee to enhance productivity. The company should adopt skill development programs such as training programs, mentoring and feedback-intensive programs to encourage employees to acquire new skills to overcome challenges and deliver the best output (Jamali et al. 2015). Provide competitive benefits, recognition, and rewards The company should provide fair wage and incentive to keep the workforce satisfied. Moreover, it includes reward and recognition programs to create a healthy competition to elevate employee morale and stimulate efforts and increases job satisfaction of the employees (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Track job satisfaction The PC Solution should arrange the online survey or mobile survey to monitor the employee opinion about the benefits, recognition and feedback programs and the aspects contributing to employee satisfaction. It helps the Human Resource Department of the organization to formulate the action plan to improve the system to minimize cost and reduce employee turnover (Djukic et al.2014). Strengths Weaknesses in the organization the cultural aspects that need change According to Grant (2015), strengths of a company refer to the positive or active aspects that have placed the company in an advantageous position. The power of an organization concentrates on few things such as What are the high points the company has? How is the company utilizing the advantages? How the company is getting competitive advantage What is the unique selling propositions? The company which has started its journey in the year 2007 has developed considerably over the eight years to have 75 employees and four departments that are sales, administrative, customer service and software development which are efficiently delivering the services. The PC Solution and its customer services are taken care of Louise Machin. The company strength is its training segment, hardware and networking department and software support team which is providing excellent support to the clients to troubleshoot their problems and providing better solutions to corporate customers. Hardware support is provided by ten technicians from a workshop situated in PC Solutions. By appointing Louise Machin as a team leader, the company encourages women participation in decision making by promoting them to higher positions. The company should create a diverse work culture based on cooperation and respect (Kirton and Healy 2013). According to Trieloff and Buys (2013), the Weakness of the company refers to the What are the weak points that the company has that is affecting its growth? What are the factors that are affecting sales? As far as the case study is concerned the weaknesses of PC Solutions can be marked by the decreasing level of customer satisfaction and employee's content regarding the job. To overcome the problem, the company needs to strengthen the sales team. They should keep a client database and contact the customers on the regular basis by mailing them the birthday card, newsletter, sales flyer. Email and sending text messages via phone, promotion of products in Facebook, Twitter can be a useful marketing tool to keep the customers updated about the latest changes. The sales team should explore the new market to increase the number of users of the product and generate more revenue for the company (Berthon et al. 2012). One of the weaknesses is employee job satisfaction which is decreasing can be overcome by providing training and development since employees job satisfaction is a key factor to increase productivity. Continuous training and monitoring and evaluating the performance and feedback system enable the employee to face challenges in a better way. Apart from that, reward and recognition should be there to motivate an employee to produce more and help the company to achieve the target (Tangthong et al. 2014). Reference List Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bal, P.M. and Dorenbosch, L., 2015. Age related differences in the relations between individualised HRM and organisational performance: a large scale employer survey.Human Resource Management Journal,25(1), pp.41-61. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Bckerman, P. and Ilmakunnas, P., 2012. The job satisfaction-productivity nexus: A study using matched survey and register data.Industrial Labor Relations Review,65(2), pp.244-262. Chang, A., Chiang, H.H. and Han, T.S., 2012. A multilevel investigation of relationships among brand-centered HRM, brand psychological ownership, brand citizenship behaviors, and customer satisfaction.European Journal of Marketing,46(5), pp.626-662. Correia, M.F., e Cunha, R.C. and Scholten, M., 2013. Impact of MAs on organizational performance: The moderating role of HRM centrality.European Management Journal,31(4), pp.323-332. Djukic, M., Kovner, C.T., Brewer, C.S., Fatehi, F. and Greene, W.H., 2014. Exploring Direct and Indirect Influences of Physical Work Environment on Job Satisfaction for Early Career Registered Nurses Employed in Hospitals.Research in nursing health,37(4), pp.312-325. Grant, R.M., 2015.Contemporary Strategy Analysis 9e Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Jamali, D.R., El Dirani, A.M. and Harwood, I.A., 2015. Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR HRM co creation model.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(2), pp.125-143. Karatepe, O.M., 2013. High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, pp.132-140. Kirton, G. and Healy, G., 2013. Commitment and collective identity of long-term union participation: the case of women union leaders in the UK and USA.Work, Employment Society,27(2), pp.195-212. Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N., 2014. HRM Practices and Employee Retention in Thailand--A Literature Review.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(2), p.162. Trieloff, W. and Buys, P.W., 2013. An analysis of the competitive business environment of a family run Brazilian auditing firm.International Journal of Auditing Technology,1(1), pp.52-74. Vermeeren, B., Steijn, B., Tummers, L., Lankhaar, M., Poerstamper, R.J. and Van Beek, S., 2014. HRM and its effect on employee, organizational and financial outcomes in health care organizations.Human resources for health,12(1), p.35.

Macbeth Who was responsible for King Duncans murder Essay Example

Macbeth: Who was responsible for King Duncans murder Paper In my opinion, there are three main people that should be held responsible for the death of King Duncan: Lady Macbeth, the witches and of course, Macbeth himself. In this essay, I will be looking at the three people and how they each played a role to cause the death of Duncan. Firstly, I think that Lady Macbeth was hugely to blame. We see that both husband and wife are highly ambitious and hope to achieve a lot. Macbeth trusts Lady Macbeth and is very close to her. He informs her straight away of his meeting with the witches through a letter in which he also calls her his dearest partner of greatness. This shows us that they are close and are partners or colleagues in everything. As soon as Lady Macbeth reads the letter, she is already making plans to achieve Macbeths title as the King and hers as the Queen. We see this when she says That I may pour my spirits in thine ear/And chastise with the valour of my tongue. This could give away a hint of evil in her to us. In addition, we see that she fears that Macbeth is too kind to achieve it. This means that she is already thinking that there is dirty work involved and Macbeth is too incapable of doing it. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Who was responsible for King Duncans murder specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Who was responsible for King Duncans murder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Who was responsible for King Duncans murder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She says that he lacks the illness that should attend the ambition. She also thinks that Macbeths nature is too full o the milk of human kindness. This shows us that Macbeths natural instincts would be to leave this prophecy and wait for it to come to him, not commit the murder. Therefore, we could argue that Macbeth is a kind-hearted man who was innocently wound up and captured in his wifes evil plans of regicide. We can see this supported hugely when Macbeth is reluctant to carry out the murder and refuses to do so. Lady Macbeth steps in and presses on, using different techniques to make Macbeth change his mind. At first, she mocks him saying Was the hope drunk/Wherein you dressd yourself? Then, she begins making him feel guilty, making him think that his love for her is shaky. Because they are so close, we could see this as an insult. She says to him From this time/Such I account thy love. She also makes him feel guilty by telling him that she knew what it was like to breast-feed and she knows how tender it is to love the baby that milks her, but she would have plucked the baby from her nipple and dashed its brains out if she had promised to do so, like Macbeth had done to their promise of killing the King. She also questions him, asking whether he would like to live a coward. Another technique she uses is questioning Macbeths manhood, making him feel low. Soon Macbeth was trapped in her persuasion and manipulation, and gave into the murder. Lady Macbeth also seems to have a manly, monstrous side to her. Its almost as if shes tired of being a dainty woman and wants evil to enter her so she may achieve more, with the help of evil spirits. She calls upon the spirits to come and unsex her. She also says to the evil spirits to stop up the access and passage to remorse. In other words, she does not want the natural feelings of remorse and regret to get in her way because she is so determined to do the murder. We could say that Lady Macbeth is already on the evil side, stopping herself from any natural feelings. We could argue that she is the driving force behind the whole murder and she is the only reason Macbeth killed Duncan. However, Macbeth is accountable for his actions and he had complete control over what he was doing. Lady Macbeths character shows us how eager she is to achieve high positions and we see that she will let nothing get in her way or stop her. Her character and actions play a big role in the murder. They are the two things that convince Macbeth to murder Duncan. The witches also play a very important role in Macbeth because some people argue that they put the idea into Macbeths head. In those times, the topic of witches or evil spirits was something very serious. It was so serious, in fact, that the king of the time, wrote a book about demons and evils, such as witches. A lot of people took interest in this field and many precautions were taken to protect themselves form witches and evils of the sort. In contrast to today, witches were not amusing subjects and their prophecies were, in a way, very valuable. The witches know when to appear, and purposely appear at the right moments to play on Macbeths conscience and manipulate him to do things. They know exactly how and when to enter so that the most amount of tension and dramatic effect is created at the right times. Shakespeare uses the witches very carefully to create the right dramatic effects and moods. When being performed in the Globe Theatre, there were no special effects or any dramatic lighting to create atmospheres. So, Shakespeare used stagecraft and the entrances of the witches to get the audience to feel the tension. Also, on their first meeting, the witches leave Macbeth and Banquo confused. They give unsteady prophecies about Banquo, contrasting against each other. They also seem to know what Macbeth is thinking at all times, to make themselves more powerful in the eyes of Macbeth and use him to create all the havoc. In addition, I think that some people could argue that the witches are entirely to blame because they are so powerful supernaturally, that a normal person like Macbeth would have no control over himself if the witches were ruling him. Their main motive is to create havoc, and Macbeth seems to be the easiest way to do so. Therefore, we could say that he is pulled into their evil plans and its not at all his fault. However, some people contradict this and say that the witches were not sparking any havoc, but rather telling and informing Macbeth of the events to come. Because of their powers, they could see in to the future and so were merely telling Macbeth what was in store for him, but Macbeth took the wrong turning with this information and himself decided to kill King Duncan. We can see that the witches did not refer to regicide in any of their appearances. Maybe, the throne was destined to be his but he did not need to kill Duncan to do so, and because he did, he caused trouble for himself and did not achieve anything. Macbeth, from the start, has a very ambitious and determined character. We see that when the witches disappear after stating their prophecies, Macbeth wants them to carry on and is unhappy that they left. We see this when he says, Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more. This shows us that he is interested in the witches predictions and wants to know more as he is allured. Also, some say that Macbeth already had the idea of doing something to calm his craving for the throne. When the mention of the Prince of Cumberland comes, he says that it is a step which Macbeth must fall down, or else oerleap. This shows us that Macbeth wants to do something to get rid of him, or move him out of the way. In addition, Macbeth is already thinking evil things. We see this when he says Stars, hide your fires;/Let not light see my black and deep desires. . . Black deep desires could suggest many things. In my opinion, we know that he is planning something evil, although we dont know what. Many people argue that the witches plant the idea into Macbeths head. However, I think that Macbeth already had the idea and was just shocked and scared to hear his thoughts being said aloud. We see this when Banquo says to Macbeth Good sir, why do you start; and seem to fear/Things that do sound so fair? We see that Macbeth fears the witches predictions and there could be a number of reasons for it. He could fear the witches themselves. He could fear the predictions, or, in my opinion, the predictions could be something thats already in his heart but he has learnt to control his ambitions and desires. When the witches speak of the prophecies, it starts the ball rolling and Macbeth is unable to control his actions. He feels inclined toward the witches and their prophecies and wants to achieve what they predicted. Therefore, he gets rid of anything in his way and as a result, kills Duncan. Macbeth takes the witches words quite literally every time and gets himself in even more trouble. For example, the incident of Birnam Wood. Toward the end, Macbeth relies solely on the prophecies, and depends on the witches. Throughout the play, we see him change. At first, he is very shaky and we see Lady Macbeth take control of the situation, leading Macbeth. But, toward the end, Macbeth becomes the leader and her true conscience shows. This is almost a transformation from good to evil for Macbeth. At the end of the day, Macbeth was the one to do it physically, so he should be blamed. He had power over his actions and when committing the crime, he should have been prepared for the consequences of his actions. Aside from the above arguments, I also think there are two other people to blame. They are Banquo and Duncan himself. Although they do not play as big as a role as the other people do, they still hold some blame. Banquo had suspicions of Macbeth but failed to do anything. He knew what Macbeth was thinking and knew he was up to something, but didnt take any action and was so killed. Although Banquos motive may not have been to get the king killed, he still didnt do anything about it. In those times, loyalty to your king was very important. It came before anything. Therefore, we could argue that Banquo had more loyalty toward his friend than toward his King, who should actually come first. In this way, Banquo is partly to blame. I also think that Duncan is to blame because he is too much of a trusting man. He only comes to stay with Macbeth with two bodyguards. Macbeth, who isnt even King, has more bodyguards than the King. Also, the King is too nai ve and vulnerable. Maybe it would have been better that Macbeth was the King because he would be a firm ruler, not a push-over like Duncan. Overall, I think that Macbeth is mainly to blame because at the end of the day, Macbeth did the crime and he went ahead with the plan. We see him change from a good, noble man to a cruel, harsh, evil man.

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays

Human Resource Management in Business Context Essays Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay Human Resource Management in Business Context Essay â€Å"Performance bonuses offer a win-win gain to both organisations and employees. Discuss, making reference to both theory and case examples† Introduction Is performance related pay (PRP) really a motivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was the ‘big idea’ of the1980s, embraced enthusiastically by many employers as the holy grail of driving high performance† as stated by CIPD (2010). Today it is seen as more than just a tool to drive performance; organisations are using PRP to link individual performance to business objectives and gain commitment. Strategic Alignment Business strategy is a key driver for organisations in the private sector as it provides them with competitive advantage, therefore they have the need to retain and motivate employees to perform against their objectives. The public sector, on the other hand, has the need to align staff commitment to deliver local government agendas. In order for the business strategy to be effective employers need to ensure that employees are committed and motivated to achieving the organisation goals, but as we can see these goals can vary depending on the sector and more so, on what the organisation is trying to achieve. So organisations need to identify a pay strategy, which helps them to align the objectives with their employees. The question is, does PRP work for both sectors in motivating employees? In the private sector the pay determination is generally determined by management with the notion that if individuals perform well against their KPI’s (key performance indicators) they will be rewarded with a bonus based on the market worth and the success of the business. However the public sector, in many cases, still remains to have a pre-determined pay structure with incremental pay progression and grading systems as shown in the example for Slough Borough Council in appendix 1. Old pay and new pay are concepts that are used to distinguish between contemporary and traditional reward systems (Gilmore pg 171). The local authority, Slough Borough Council use the old pay system. Graded pay is not particular motivating as everyone gets it and the incremental increase is not of a substantial amount to gain higher performance from staff. Therefore, the question has to be asked, whether it would be beneficial for the public sector to introduce PRP? Richard Crouch, head of HR and organisational development at Somerset County Council, warned performance-related pay could encourage the pay bill to creep up in the long-term and there would be a substantial cost in administering and applying performance-related pay in the public sector to reduce its subjectivity because government work would not be easy to measure (Barker, 2010:1). This highlights a number of issues particularly the fact with spending cuts becoming an ever-increasing need, this sector cannot afford to implement PRP. Furthermore, a pay strategy including PRP would push staff to work towards targets rather than focusing on providing a good public service, which is primarily the objective of the public sector. Although financial rewards in this setting could help employees to work more effectively rather than to work harder, by encouraging employees to focus on key objectives, lets face it, if people were primarily interested in financial rewards they would not have joined this sector. Making a difference to other peoples lives and the surrounding environment is more important. Additional, it would be very difficult to measure performance; for example, ways of measuring the service a teacher or a nurse provides are very difficult in comparison to that of someone who has set, clear deliverable targets such as achieving sales, gaining new business or increasing footfall. Intangible services are much harder to quantify. Performance Management Cycle Key performance indicators (KPIs) are formed as part of the performance and appraisal process to measure the output of an individual. The performance appraisal allows a comparison to be made of the actual performance against expected performance (KPIs), which is linked to feedback and whether the individual has warranted a reward. However, there are many potential problems with the performance appraisal system. The process can become a bureaucratic process with managers seeing it as a tick-box exercise to be completed once a year. There could be a lack of understanding of the objectives by the employee, or the organisation may not have a clear strategy and furthermore the process is subjective and open to human bias. It is also very difficult to quantify individual performance such as intangible elements, as mentioned earlier. So it could be argued that the process is not very transparent. To overcome this, Beer et al. introduced the Harvard Model (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 9) which takes into account a wider range of stakeholders interests to provide an input into the appraisal process which allows the reduction of a bias opinion of just one person. It is stated as reduction, as the process is still subjective and open to a range of perceptual errors although reduced by the way of taking into account feedback from a number of people. The model also considers the situational factors of the organisation allowing better choices to be made when establishing the appropriate reward system, which will inevitable impact on the level of commitment achieved. Is it Fair? There are a number of elements of the performance appraisal that could be argued to be unfair, for example, the relationship an individual has with he manager who measures performance could be seen to be advantageous for some individuals, such as colleagues who have worked together for a number of years and could in fact de-motivate other individuals who don’t have the benefit of this relationship. Therefore, can human bias be taken out of this equation? Ultimately the relationship between a manager and employee comes down to trust, whether the employee believes the y will be treated fairly against other individuals regardless of developed relationships. It has also been suggested that PRP may discriminate unfairly against women, as primarily, it is male managers that measure performance, therefore they tend to reward performance characterized by male values (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 183) creating a pay gap between men and women. Total Rewards There is more to keeping a workforce motivated and committed than just PRP. It is clear that it is more than just financial reward that influences the behaviour of employees in the public sector. Employees are looking for other benefits such as flexible working, contributing to a work-life balance are seen to hold value over having a high-powered career that pays well especially in the public sector. Aspects such as the work an individual is involved in provides them with a greater reward and satisfaction than financial benefits, for example a social worker or a nurse will ultimately find the reward in helping others. Total reward is the term that has been adopted to describe a reward strategy that brings additional components such as learning and development, together with aspects of the working environment (CIPD 2009). It addresses the fact that there are intangible benefits, which are intrinsic to individuals that do not have such a direct financial impact on the organisation as financial benefits do. For example, Slough Borough Council have a grapevine newsletter in which recognition of an employee’s contribution in various departments have been highlighted, personal recognition can contribute to the overall performance of an individual providing the sense of feeling valued in what they do. Access to training and development and further opportunities of career development can be a prime consideration for employees when looking for an employer. The total reward concept for an employer means they are able to attract and retain talent, and commitment through understanding the intangible and tangible needs of the person. For the public sector, as financial rewards become more scars the benefits of the total reward system will become evermore important in retaining commitment, loyalty and experience, attracting employees to stay within the sector over the longer term. Is There a Perfect Solution? This discussion has bought to the forefront that implementing a high commitment HRM will not necessary work, nor provide any financial benefit in the public sector. This has identified that an approach of PRP commonly used on the private sector may not be the best fit for the public sector as there is a need to take into account the situation in which the organisation is operating in, the size of the organisation and the success in terms of profitably as this will effect whether there are the financial resources to implement a high commitment HRM. What may work for one company may not work for another. Contingency theory suggests that the business context is crucial in determining reward strategies, and a number of factors are influential (Gilmore. S, 2009, p. 84). How the public sector align their business strategy with their HRM strategy will largely be reflected by current circumstances effecting the sector, such as cost cutting, restructuring, and the shift from a public sector job no longer being seen as a job for life. Therefore the management of a rewards strategy will need to recognise that what is currently seen as a motivator for examp le job security, will change. What drives the success of a reward strategy is that it is closely aligned with continual changes not only within the organisation but also those of the individuals. Conclusion In conclusion, it is recognised that there is no one solution that will suit all organisation. It would be seen that the best fit pay system with the organisation goals and sector would need to be established taking into account factors effecting the environment of the organisation and how equipped it is to providing PRP. This will ultimately affect and underpin the benefit that is received of PRP to both the employee and the employer. Word count: 1680 Reference: 1. CIPD (2010), Performance Related Pay [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/perfmangmt/perfrelpay/prefrelpay. tm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 2. Michael Holden (2007), Performance Reviews a ‘Waste of Time’ News. com. au P. 1 [Online] Available at: news. com. au/business/business-smarts/reviews-are-a-waste-of-time/story-e6frfm9r-1111115035598 [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 3. M W Gilman (1998) Performance Related Pay in the UK, EIROline P. 1 [Online] Available at: eurofound. europa. eu/eiro/1998/03/feat ure/uk9803107f. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 4. Baker, K (2010) Performance-related pay for the public sector rejected by Personnel Todays Austerity Panel, Personnel Today P. [Online] Available at: personneltoday. com/articles/2010/06/17/55987/performance-related-pay-for-the-public-sector-rejected-by-personnel-todays-austerity. html [Accessed: 20 October 2010]. 5. CIPD (2009) Total Reward [Online] Available at: cipd. co. uk/subjects/pay/general/totrewdqf. htm [Accessed: 24 October 2010]. 6. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008) Human Resource Management at Work, London: CIPD 7. Gilmore, S. Williams, S. (2009) Human Resource Management, United States: Oxford University Press Inc

Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment And Marketing Management

Foreign direct investment, marketing strategy, management of marketing operations , determinants of FDI, market access Foreign direct investment is the investment that is made by an organization or an individual in a specific country related to the interests in business in the other country. Foreign direct investment takes place when an organization plans to expand its operations in a different country or acquires business assets in a foreign country. Foreign direct investment is attracted by countries which have an open economy and offers skilled workforce to the organization. Foreign direct investments can be of three types which are, vertical, horizontal and conglomerate (Blonigen and Piger 2014). Foreign direct investment can be used by any organization as an international market strategy according to which they can invest in manufacturing or setting up a new factory in a different country. The definition of FDI is also related to the acquisition of interest related to a company in another country. The different ways by which the organization can enter a new market are, construction of facilities in a new market area, acquisitions and mergers, investment in joint venture which is located in a foreign area. Foreign direct investment is made by an organization so that they can access to closed markets which are limited by trade related barriers (Papadopoulos, Hamzaoui-Essoussi and El Banna 2016). The companies can take advantage of the lower costs related to production and labour in the new market areas of the country. This type of investment is important for many industries or companies which demand innovation and access to technology. Investments are made in different countri es so that the organization can enhance its competitive position in the industry (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). The conclusions that are presented in the study are of significance in the academic and practical fields. On one hand, this supports the development of the studies related to future research related to the marketing strategies developed after making investments in the foreign countries. On the other hand, the reasons that are related to the foreign investment related decisions of the organizations are also presented. This study will therefore help in analysing the foreign investments and the strategies related to marketing. Blonigen, B.A. and Piger, J., 2014. Determinants of foreign direct investment.  Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'à ©conomique,  47(3), pp.775-812. Olson, E.M., Slater, S.F., Hult, G.T.M. and Olson, K.M., 2018. The application of human resource   management policies within the marketing organization: The impact on business and marketing strategy implementation.  Industrial Marketing Management. Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L. and El Banna, A., 2016. Nation branding for foreign direct investment: an Integrative review and directions for research and strategy.  Journal of Product & Brand Management ,  25(7), pp.615-628. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.  Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge.

Study and learning skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Study and learning skills - Essay Example vation to continue the process of studying, unmotivated studying (just because you have to) is ineffective and fruitless; goals will help stay focused and monitor your progress. It is necessary to devote time to working at the most difficult assignments first (but not during the test, when time is limited and there are many tasks to be completed). When preparing for the test, one should be focused, it is required to eliminate any source of possible distraction; student also have to fight excessive anxiety about the upcoming test. It is important to remember that revision is practice, and practice makes perfect. The learning process requires person’s activity - it is not limited to the university or school. You keep yourself acquainted with new literature, make your own little discoveries, determine your own position on one or another issue and apply your knowledge to solve specific problems. You should not regard yourself as a passive object of the learning process; object, which is able to receive information only in the classroom and is not going to analyze it. Prepare to the fact that your self-study time will exceed time, spent in the classroom. The sooner you get the necessary skills to be successful in studying, the more efficiently your time will be used, and the greater your success will be. Nobody can deny the fact that acquiring knowledge is not easy task to do. Sometimes studying is quite a painful process and lots of factors can influence it. First of all, a student needs to develop some skills that will be necessary for further efficient and successful studying. Studying skills or strategies are characterized â€Å"as the approaches applied to learning, which are generally critical to success in school, are considered essential for acquiring good grades, and are useful for learning throughout ones life† (Preston, 1989). Everybody is aware or such simple truth that time is money, nonetheless, so many people neglect it and go on wasting time.